About this season
Covering the ancient world through the age of technology, this illustrated lecture by Eugen Weber presents a tapestry of political and social events woven with many strands — religion, industry, agriculture, demography, government, economics, and art. A visual feast of over 2,700 images from the Metropolitan Museum of Art portrays key events that shaped the development of Western thought, culture, and tradition.
Episodes (52)
1. The Dawn of History
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The origins of the human race are traced from anthropoid ancestors to the agricultural revolution.
2. The Ancient Egyptians
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Egyptian irrigation created one of the first great civilizations.
3. Mesopotamia
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Settlements in the Fertile Crescent gave rise to the great river civilizations of the Middle East.
4. From Bronze to Iron
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Metals revolutionized tools, as well as societies, in the empires of Assyria, Persia, and Neo-Babylonia.
5. The Rise of Greek Civilization
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Democracy and philosophy arose from Greek cities at the edge of the civilized world.
6. Greek Thought
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundation of Western intellectual thought.
7. Alexander the Great
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Alexander's conquests quadrupled the size of the world known to the Greeks.
8. The Hellenistic Age
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Hellenistic kingdoms extended Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean.
9. The Rise of Rome
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Through its army, Rome built an empire that shaped the West.
10. The Roman Empire
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Rome's civil engineering contributed as much to the empire as did its weapons.
11. Early Christianity
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Christianity spread despite contempt and persecution from Rome.
12. The Rise of the Church
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The old heresy became the Roman empire's official religion under the Emperor Constantine.
13. The Decline of Rome
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
While enemies slashed at Rome's borders, civil war and economic collapse destroyed the empire from within.
14. The Fall of Rome
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Despite the success of emperors such as Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius, Rome fell victim to barbarian invasions.
15. The Byzantine Empire
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
From Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire carried on the traditions of Greece and Rome.
16. The Fall of Byzantium
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Nearly a thousand years after Rome's fall, Constantinople was conquered by the forces of Islam.
17. The Dark Ages
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Barbarian kingdoms took possession of the fragments of the Roman Empire.
18. The Age of Charlemagne
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Charlemagne revived hopes for a new empire in Western Europe.
19. The Middle Ages
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Amid invasion and civil disorder, a military aristocracy dominated the kingdoms of Europe.
20. The Feudal Order
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Bishop, knight, and peasant exemplified some of the social divisions of the year 1000 A.D.
21. Common Life in the Middle Ages
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Famine, disease, and short life expectancies were the conditions that shaped medieval beliefs.
22. Cities and Cathedrals of the Middle Ages
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The great churches embodied the material and spiritual ambitions of the age.
23. The Late Middle Ages
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Two hundred years of war and plague debilitated Europe.
24. The National Monarchies
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
A new urban middle class emerged, while dynastic marriages established centralized monarchies.
25. Renaissance & the Age of Discovery
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Renaissance humanists made man "the measure of all things." Europe was possessed by a new passion for knowledge.
26. Renaissance & the New World
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The discovery of America challenged Europe.
27. The Reformation
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Voiced by Martin Luther, Protestantism shattered the unity of the Catholic Church.
28. The Rise of the Middle Class
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
As the cities grew, new middle-class mores had an impact on religious life.
29. The Wars of Religion
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
For more than a century, the quarrels of Protestants and Catholics tore Europe apart.
30. The Rise of the Trading Cities
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Amid religious wars, a few cities learned that tolerance increased their prosperity.
31. The Age of Absolutism
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Exhausted by war and civil strife, many Europeans exchanged earlier liberties and anarchies for greater peace.
32. Absolutism and the Social Contract
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Arguments about the legitimate source of political power centered on divine right versus natural law.
33. The Enlightened Despots
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Monarchs considered reforms in order to create more efficient societies, but not at the expense of their own power.
34. The Enlightenment
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Intellectual theories about the nature of man and his potential came to the fore.
35. The Enlightenment and Society
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Scientists and social reformers battled for universal human rights during a peaceful and prosperous period.
36. The Modern Philosophers
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Freedom of thought and expression opened new vistas explored by French, English, and American thinkers.
37. The American Revolution
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The British colonists created a society that tested Enlightenment ideas and resisted restrictions imposed by England.
38. The American Republic
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
A new republic, the compromise of radicals and conservatives, was founded on universal freedoms.
39. The Death of the Old Regime
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
In France the old order collapsed under revolutionaries' attacks and the monarchy's own weakness.
40. The French Revolution
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Liberty, equality, and fraternity skidded into a reign of Terror.
41. The Industrial Revolution
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Technology and mass production reduced famine and ushered in higher standards of living.
42. The Industrial World
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
A consumer revolution was fueled by coal, public transportation, and new city services.
43. Revolution and Romantics
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Leaders in the arts, literature, and political theory argued for social justice and national liberation.
44. The Age of the Nation-States
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The great powers cooperated to quell internal revolts, yet competed to acquire colonies.
45. A New Public
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Public education and mass communications created a new political life and leisure time.
46. Fin de Siècle
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Everyday life of the working class was transformed by leisure, prompting the birth of an elite avant-garde movement.
47. The First World War and the Rise of Fascism
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Old empires crumbled during World War I to be replaced by right-wing dictatorships in Italy, Spain, and Germany.
48. The Second World War
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
World War II was a war of new tactics and strategies. Civilian populations became targets as the Nazi holocaust exterminated millions of people.
49. The Cold War
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
The U.S. and Soviet Union dominated Europe and confronted each other in Korea.
50. Europe and the Third World
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Burdened with the legacy of colonial imperialism, the Third World rushed development to catch up with its Western counterparts.
51. The Technological Revolution
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Keeping up with the ever-increasing pace of change became the standard of the day.
52. Toward the Future
Aired 1 January 1989 • 30 min
Modern medicine, atomic energy, computers, and new concepts of time, energy, and matter all have an important effect on life in the 20th century.